Kenneth Feinberg, administrator of the Gulf Coast Claims Facility, said he intends to issue emergency payment checks to individuals within 24 hours of an application for losses tied to the BP P.L.C. oil spill. Checks for businesses will be issued within seven days, Mr. Feinberg said Friday in a statement releasing protocols for the $20 billion fund. Emergency claims can be filed from Aug. 23 through Nov. 23, Mr. Feinberg said.